Formula 1 技术实验室

F1引入了动能回收系统（KERS），车手可以利用回收的制动能量获得有限的动力提升。早期的系统笨重且可靠性不佳，但验证了这一概念的可行性。

• ·KERS allowed: up to 60kW output, 400kJ per lap
• ·Double diffusers permitted (exploited by Brawn, Toyota, Williams)
• ·Slick tyres returned after 11 seasons of grooved rubber
• ·Front wing width increased to 1800mm, adjustable from cockpit

赛车运动史上技术最复杂的动力单元。1.6升V6涡轮增压发动机搭配两个电机——一个从涡轮回收热能（MGU-H），一个从制动回收动能（MGU-K），此外还配备电池和控制电子设备。

• ·1.6L turbocharged V6 replaces 2.4L naturally aspirated V8
• ·MGU-K: 120kW motor, harvests kinetic energy under braking
• ·MGU-H: harvests heat energy from turbo shaft
• ·Energy Store: 4MJ battery per lap
• ·Combined output: approximately 760bhp (600kW)

赛车变得更宽、更低、更快。尺寸更大的轮胎和翼片创造了显著提高的下压力，但也产生了极难紧跟的脏气流，阻碍了超车。

• ·Car width increased from 1800mm to 2000mm
• ·Rear tyre width: 305mm → 405mm
• ·Lap times reduced by approximately 4-5 seconds
• ·Downforce increased by ~20%
• ·Dirty air turbulence increased — following cars lost 35-50% downforce

FIA引入了每赛季$145M的财务预算帽，缩小了厂商车队与独立车队之间的差距。这是一项改变F1竞争格局的里程碑式规则变革。

• ·$145M cost cap for 2021, reducing annually to $135M by 2023
• ·Excludes driver salaries, top 3 executives, marketing
• ·Parc fermé rules tightened to limit in-season development costs
• ·Token system for chassis development (limited changes per season)

F1空气动力学的全面重置。禁用高下压力翼片，转而采用利用文丘里效应产生下压力的雕琢底盘——在提供相似抓地力的同时大幅减少紊流尾迹，让近距离攻防成为可能。

• ·Venturi tunnels in underbody replace complex multi-element wings
• ·Following car downforce loss reduced from ~50% to ~4-18%
• ·18-inch wheels replace 13-inch, eliminating high-sidewall "balloon" tyres
• ·Wheel covers introduced to reduce tyre turbulence
• ·DRS retained but restricted to two activation zones per circuit

自2014年以来F1最激进的技术规则变革。废除MGU-H，MGU-K的输出功率翻倍至350kW，并由可动空气动力学部件取代DRS——实现内燃机与电力各占50%的动力输出。

• ·MGU-H eliminated — reduces cost and complexity, enables new manufacturers
• ·MGU-K output: 120kW → 350kW (3x increase)
• ·Power split: 50% ICE / 50% electrical at sustained output
• ·New manufacturers: Ford (Red Bull), GM/Cadillac, Audi
• ·Active front and rear aerodynamics replace DRS system
• ·Car weight target reduced from 798kg to 768kg